Microcurrent Research
The following lists of articles and research that I’ve collected over the years are provided as a resource to clients and other therapists. Please click on the titles to link to any of the articles or research below.
Research
Allen, C., Williamson, T., Norwood, S., et al. (2023). Do electrical stimulation devices reduce pain and improve function? A comparative review. Pain and Therapy.
Armstrong, K., Chevalier, A., Todorsky, W., et al. (2018). Pain relieving benefits of massage therapy compared to massage therapy combined with microcurrent point stimulation. Journal of Yoga and Physiotherapy.
Armstrong, K., Gokal, R., Chevalier, A., et al. (2017). Microcurrent point stimulation applied to lower back acupuncture points for the treatment of nonspecific neck pain. Journal of Alternative Complementary & Integrative Medicine.
Armstrong, K., Gokal, R., & Todorsky, T. (2019). Treatment of chronic post surgical pain using microcurrent point stimulation applied to C-section scars. Integrative and Complementary Medicine.
Armstrong, K., Gokal, R., & Todorsky, W. (2018). Neuromodulating influence of two electroacupuncture treatments on heart rate variability, stress, and vagal activity. Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine.
Armstrong, K., Gokal, R., Todorsky, W., et al. (2018). The successful treatment of chronic pain using microcurrent point stimulation applied to battlefield acupuncture protocol. Journal of Medical-Clinical Research & Reviews.
Bagne, L., Oliveira, M., Pereira, A., et al. (2019). Microcurrent and magnetic electrostimulation: Therapies for the improvement of grafts in bone repair. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
Belmonte, R., Tejero, M., Ferrer, M., et al. (2012). Efficacy of low-frequency low-intensity electrotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: A cross-over randomized trial. Clinical Rehabilitation.
Bortolazzo, F., Lucke, L., Fujii, L., et al. (2020). Microcurrent and adipose-derived stem cells modulate genes expression involved in the structural recovery of transected tendon of rats. FASEB Journal.
Cavezzi, A., Paccasassi, S., & Elio, C. (2013). Lymphedema treatment by means of an electro-medical device based on bioresonance and vacuum technology: Clinical and lymphoscintigraphic assessment. International Angiology.
Cheah, Y., Buyong, M., & Yunus M. (2021). Wound healing with electrical stimulation technologies: A Review. Polymers.
Cheng, N., Van Hoof, H., Bockx, E., et al. (1982). The effects of electric currents on ATP generation, protein synthesis, and membrane transport of rat skin. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research.
Cheng, R., & Pomeranz, B. (1979). Electroacupuncture analgesia could be mediated by at least two pain-relieving mechanisms; endorphin and non-endorphin systems. Life Sciences.
Chevalier, A., Armstrong, K., & Gokal, R. (2016). Microcurrent point stimulation applied to acupuncture points for the treatment of nonspecific lower back pain. Journal of Alternative Complementary & Integrative Medicine.
Chevalier, A., Armstrong, K., & Gokal, R. (2017). Detailed heart rate variability, exercise tolerance, cortical and vas pain scale analysis of two forms of electro-therapy applied to a patient with chronic back neuropathic pain. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Journal.
Chevalier, A., Armstrong, K., Norwood-Williams, et al. (2016). DC electroacupuncture effects on scars and sutures of a patient with postconcussion pain. Medical Acupuncture.
Cho, S., Sung, W., Lee, Y., et al. (2023). Therapeutic effect of microcurrent therapy in a rat model of secondary lymphedema. Annals of Palliative Medicine.
Chow, J. (2016). Wireless microcurrent-generating antimicrobial wound dressing in primary total knee arthroplasty: A single-center experience. Orthopedic Reviews.
Elio, C., Guaitolini, E., Paccasassi, S., et al. (2014). Application of microcurrents of bioresonance and transdermal delivery of active principles in lymphedema and lipedema of the lower limbs: A pilot study. Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology.
Fisher, H. (1992). Acute low back pain treated by spinal manipulation and electronic acupuncture. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics.
Gokal, R., Armstrong, K., Durant, J., et al. (2017). The successful treatment of chronic pain using microcurrent point stimulation applied to scars. International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine.
Gokal, R., Armstrong, K., & Fashong, B. (2020). C-section impact on maternal and fetal health. Positive outcomes with micro point stimulation of C-section scars. Journal of Internal Medicine: Science & Art.
Inoue, M., Nakajima, M., Hojo, T., et al. (2012). Spinal nerve root electroacupuncture for symptomatic treatment of lumbar spinal canal stenosis unresponsive to standard acupuncture: a prospective case series. Acupuncture in Medicine.
Jonik, S., Rothka, A., & Cherin, N. (2025). Investigating the therapeutic efficacy of microcurrent therapy: A narrative review. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease.
Kim, G., Roh, B., Park, S., et al. (2020). Effect of tooth-brushing with a microcurrent on dentinal tubule occlusion. Dental Materials Journal.
Kirsch, D. (2006). Microcurrent electrical therapy (MET): A tutorial. Practical Pain Management.
Koh, K., Lim, G., Por, Y., et al. (2025). Wireless micro current stimulation (WMCS) therapy to enhance burn wound healing: A randomized clinical trial. Burns.
Kolimechkov, S., Seijo, M., Swaine, I., et al. (2023). Physiological effects of microcurrent and its application for maximising acute responses and chronic adaptations to exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology.
Koopman, J., Vrinten, D., & van Wijck, A. (2009). Efficacy of microcurrent therapy in the treatment of chronic nonspecific back pain: A pilot study. The Clinical Journal of Pain.
Lagoumintzis, G., Zagoriti, Z., Jensen, M., et al. (2019). Wireless direct microampere current in wound healing: Clinical and immunohistological data from two single case reports. Biosensors.
Lee, H., Cho, S., Kim, D., et al. (2024). Bioelectric medicine: Unveiling the therapeutic potential of micro-current stimulation. Biomedical Engineering Letters.
Lee, H., Hwang, D., Lee, M., et al. (2022). Micro-current stimulation suppresses inflammatory responses in peptidoglycan-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages and Propionibacterium acnes-induced skin inflammation via TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
Lumanauw, D., & Pangayoman, R. (2017). Wireless microcurrent stimulation therapy for wound healing. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran.
Luo, Y., Huang, S., Pathak, N., et al. (2021). An integrated systematic approach for investigating microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation (MENS) efficacy in STZ-induced diabetes mellitus. Life Sciences.
Madan, P., Sah, S., Sharma, G., et al. (2024). Bioelectric surgical sutures: Advancing wound healing through mechano-electrical stimulation. International Journal of Surgery Open.
McMakin, C. (2004). Microcurrent therapy: A novel treatment method for chronic low back myofascial pain. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.
Muresan, D., Voidazan, S., Salcudean, A., et al. (2022). Bioresonance, an alternative therapy for mild and moderate depression. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.
Naclerio, F., Moreno-Perez, D., Seijo, M., et al. (2021). Effects of adding post-workout microcurrent in males cross country athletes. European Journal of Sport Science.
Nair, H. (2018). Microcurrent as an adjunct therapy to accelerate chronic wound healing and reduce patient pain. Journal of Wound Care.
Nair, H., & Balakrishnan, A. (2023). Use of microcurrent adjunct wound therapy in a patient with peripheral vascular disease: A case study. Wounds Asia.
Oh, H., Kim, J., & Park, R. (2008). The effects of microcurrent stimulation on recovery of function and pain in chronic low back pain. Journal of Korean Society of Physical Medicine.
Preetam, S., Ghosh, A., Mishra, R., et al. (2024). Electrical stimulation: A novel therapeutic strategy to heal biological wounds. RSC Advances.
Ramadhinara, A., & Poulas, K. (2013). Use of wireless microcurrent stimulation for the treatment of diabetes-related wounds: 2 case reports. Advances in Skin & Wound Care.
Sabel, B., Zhou, W., Huber, F., et al. (2021). Non-invasive brain microcurrent stimulation therapy of long-COVID-19 reduces vascular dysregulation and improves visual and cognitive impairment. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
Saranya, B., Ahmed, J., Shenoy, N., et al. (2019). Comparison of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and microcurrent nerve stimulation (MENS) in the management of masticatory muscle pain: A comparative study. Pain Research and Management.
Tsolakidis, S., Rosenauer, R., Schmidhammer, R., et al. (2022). Wireless microcurrent stimulation improves blood flow in burn wounds. Burns.
Ud-Din, S., Perry, D., Giddings, P., et al. (2012). Electrical stimulation increases blood flow and haemoglobin levels in acute cutaneous wounds without affecting wound closure time: Evidenced by non-invasive assessment of temporal biopsy wounds in human volunteers. Experimental Dermatology.
Vilarinho, R., Faria, S., Monteiro, P., et al. (2022). Effects of abdominal microcurrent in the consumption and proportion of energy substrates during aerobic exercise: A pilot study. Healthcare.
Wang, S., Liang, R., Yang, H., et al. (2023). Electroacupuncture for relieving itching in atopic eczema: study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Frontiers in Medicine.
Whitcomb, E., Monroe, N., Hope-Higman, J., et al. (2013). Demonstration of a microcurrent-generating wound care device for wound healing within a rehabilitation center patient population. Journal of the American College of Clinical Wound Specialists.
Wirsing, P., Habrom, A., Zehnder, T., et al. (2015). Wireless micro current stimulation — An innovative electrical stimulation method for the treatment of patients with leg and diabetic foot ulcers. International Wound Journal.
Wirsing, P., Konstantakaki, M., & Poulas, K. (2019). Martorell’s ulcer successfully treated by wireless microcurrent stimulation technology. Advances in Skin & Wound Care.
Xu, X., Zhang, H., Yan, Y., et al. (2021). Effects of electrical stimulation on skin surface. Acta Mechanica Sinica.
Zhang, J., Huang, S., Gao, X., et al. (2021). Influence mechanism of heavy metal removal under microcurrent action. Separation and Purification Technology.
Zhao, M., Song, B., Pu, J., et al. (2006). Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma and PTEN. Nature.
Zickri, M. (2014). Possible local stem cells activation by microcurrent application in experimentally injured soleus muscle. International Journal of Stem Cells.
Research — Nervous System
Bruno, R., Ghiadoni, L., Seravalle, G., et al. (2012). Sympathetic regulation of vascular function in health and disease. Frontiers in Physiology.
Joyner, M., Charkoudian, N., & Wallin, B. (2010). Sympathetic nervous system and blood pressure in humans: Individualized patterns of regulation and their implications. Hypertension.
Lambert, E., Dawood, T., Straznicky, N., et al (2010). Association between the sympathetic firing pattern and anxiety level in patients with the metabolic syndrome and elevated blood pressure. Hypertension.
Lambert, E., Hering, D., Schlaich, M., et al. (2012). Advances in sympathetic nerve recording in humans. Frontiers in Physiology.
Zhang, D., & Anderson, A. (2014). The sympathetic nervous system and heart failure. Cardiology Clinics.
Additional Research
Auriculotherapy Research
Grounding Research
Lipedema Research
Lymphatic System Research
Massage Research
Microcurrent Research
Phototherapy Research
Reflexology Research
Reiki Research